VuoSceneObject.cc

Go to the documentation of this file.

 
#include <list>
 
#include <OpenGL/CGLMacro.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "type.h"
#include "VuoMeshUtility.h"
 
#ifdef VUO_COMPILER
extern "C"
{
VuoModuleMetadata({
                     "title" : "Scene Object",
                     "description" : "A 3D Object: visible (mesh), or virtual (group, light, camera).",
                     "keywords" : [ ],
                     "version" : "1.0.0",
                     "dependencies" : [
                        "csgjs",
                        "VuoBlendMode",
                        "VuoBoolean",
                        "VuoFont",
                        "VuoMesh",
                        "VuoMeshUtility",
                        "VuoPoint3d",
                        "VuoShader",
                        "VuoText",
                        "VuoTransform",
                        "VuoList_VuoImage",
                        "VuoList_VuoSceneObject"
                     ]
                 });
}
#endif
 
typedef struct
{
    VuoSceneObjectSubType type;
 
    // Data for all scene objects
    uint64_t id;  
    VuoText name;
    VuoTransform transform;
 
    // Mesh
    VuoMesh mesh;
    VuoShader shader;
    bool isRealSize;  
    bool preservePhysicalSize;  
    VuoBlendMode blendMode;
 
    union
    {
        VuoList_VuoSceneObject childObjects;
 
        struct
        {
            float fieldOfView;          
            float width;                
            float distanceMin;          
            float distanceMax;          
            float confocalDistance;     
            float intraocularDistance;  
            float vignetteWidth;        
            float vignetteSharpness;    
        } camera;
 
        struct
        {
            VuoColor color;
            float brightness;
            float range;      
            float cone;       
            float sharpness;  
        } light;
 
        struct
        {
            VuoText text;
            VuoFont font;
            bool scaleWithScene;
            float wrapWidth;
        } text;
    };
} VuoSceneObject_internal;
 
uint64_t VuoSceneObject_getNextId(void)
{
    static uint64_t id = 0;
    return __sync_add_and_fetch(&id, 1);
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_free(void *sceneObject)
{
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)sceneObject;
 
    VuoRelease(so->name);
    VuoRelease(so->mesh);
    VuoRelease(so->shader);
    if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Group)
        VuoRelease(so->childObjects);
    else if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Text)
    {
        VuoRelease(so->text.text);
        VuoFont_release(so->text.font);
    }
 
    free(so);
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_makeEmpty(void)
{
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)calloc(1, sizeof(VuoSceneObject_internal));
    VuoRegister(so, VuoSceneObject_free);
 
    so->id = 0;
    so->type = VuoSceneObjectSubType_Empty;
 
    so->mesh = NULL;
    so->shader = NULL;
    so->isRealSize = false;
    so->preservePhysicalSize = false;
    so->blendMode = VuoBlendMode_Normal;
 
    so->name = NULL;
    so->transform = VuoTransform_makeIdentity();
 
    return (VuoSceneObject)so;
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_makeGroup(VuoList_VuoSceneObject childObjects, VuoTransform transform)
{
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)VuoSceneObject_makeEmpty();
 
    so->type = VuoSceneObjectSubType_Group;
 
    VuoSceneObject_setChildObjects((VuoSceneObject)so, childObjects);
 
    so->transform = transform;
 
    return (VuoSceneObject)so;
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_makeMesh(VuoMesh mesh, VuoShader shader, VuoTransform transform)
{
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)VuoSceneObject_makeEmpty();
 
    so->type = VuoSceneObjectSubType_Mesh;
 
    VuoSceneObject_setMesh((VuoSceneObject)so, mesh);
 
    if (mesh && !shader)
        VuoSceneObject_setShader((VuoSceneObject)so, VuoShader_makeDefaultShader());
    else
        VuoSceneObject_setShader((VuoSceneObject)so, shader);
 
    so->transform = transform;
 
    return (VuoSceneObject)so;
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_makeQuad(VuoShader shader, VuoPoint3d center, VuoPoint3d rotation, VuoReal width, VuoReal height)
{
    return VuoSceneObject_makeMesh(
                VuoMesh_makeQuadWithoutNormals(),
                shader,
                VuoTransform_makeEuler(
                    center,
                    VuoPoint3d_multiply(rotation, M_PI/180.),
                    VuoPoint3d_make(width,height,1)
                ));
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_makeQuadWithNormals(VuoShader shader, VuoPoint3d center, VuoPoint3d rotation, VuoReal width, VuoReal height)
{
    return VuoSceneObject_makeMesh(
                VuoMesh_makeQuad(),
                shader,
                VuoTransform_makeEuler(
                    center,
                    VuoPoint3d_multiply(rotation, M_PI/180.),
                    VuoPoint3d_make(width,height,1)
                ));
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_makeImage(VuoImage image, VuoPoint3d center, VuoPoint3d rotation, VuoReal width, VuoReal alpha)
{
    if (!image)
        return nullptr;
 
    VuoSceneObject object = VuoSceneObject_makeQuad(
                VuoShader_makeUnlitImageShader(image, alpha),
                center,
                rotation,
                width,
                image->pixelsHigh * width/image->pixelsWide
            );
 
    return object;
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_makeLitImage(VuoImage image, VuoPoint3d center, VuoPoint3d rotation, VuoReal width, VuoReal alpha, VuoColor highlightColor, VuoReal shininess)
{
    if (!image)
        return nullptr;
 
    return VuoSceneObject_makeQuadWithNormals(
                VuoShader_makeLitImageShader(image, alpha, highlightColor, shininess),
                center,
                rotation,
                width,
                image->pixelsHigh * width/image->pixelsWide
            );
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_makeCube(VuoTransform transform, VuoShader frontShader, VuoShader leftShader, VuoShader rightShader, VuoShader backShader, VuoShader topShader, VuoShader bottomShader)
{
    VuoList_VuoSceneObject cubeChildObjects = VuoListCreate_VuoSceneObject();
 
    VuoMesh quadMesh = VuoMesh_makeQuad();
 
    // Front Face
    {
        VuoSceneObject so = VuoSceneObject_makeMesh(
            quadMesh,
            frontShader,
            VuoTransform_makeEuler(VuoPoint3d_make(0,0,.5), VuoPoint3d_make(0,0,0), VuoPoint3d_make(1,1,1)));
        VuoListAppendValue_VuoSceneObject(cubeChildObjects, so);
    }
 
    // Left Face
    {
        VuoSceneObject so = VuoSceneObject_makeMesh(
            quadMesh,
            leftShader,
            VuoTransform_makeEuler(VuoPoint3d_make(-.5,0,0), VuoPoint3d_make(0,-M_PI/2.,0), VuoPoint3d_make(1,1,1)));
        VuoListAppendValue_VuoSceneObject(cubeChildObjects, so);
    }
 
    // Right Face
    {
        VuoSceneObject so = VuoSceneObject_makeMesh(
            quadMesh,
            rightShader,
            VuoTransform_makeEuler(VuoPoint3d_make(.5,0,0), VuoPoint3d_make(0,M_PI/2.,0), VuoPoint3d_make(1,1,1)));
        VuoListAppendValue_VuoSceneObject(cubeChildObjects, so);
    }
 
    // Back Face
    {
        VuoSceneObject so = VuoSceneObject_makeMesh(
            quadMesh,
            backShader,
            VuoTransform_makeEuler(VuoPoint3d_make(0,0,-.5), VuoPoint3d_make(0,M_PI,0), VuoPoint3d_make(1,1,1)));
        VuoListAppendValue_VuoSceneObject(cubeChildObjects, so);
    }
 
    // Top Face
    {
        VuoSceneObject so = VuoSceneObject_makeMesh(
            quadMesh,
            topShader,
            VuoTransform_makeEuler(VuoPoint3d_make(0,.5,0), VuoPoint3d_make(-M_PI/2.,0,0), VuoPoint3d_make(1,1,1)));
        VuoListAppendValue_VuoSceneObject(cubeChildObjects, so);
    }
 
    // Bottom Face
    {
        VuoSceneObject so = VuoSceneObject_makeMesh(
            quadMesh,
            bottomShader,
            VuoTransform_makeEuler(VuoPoint3d_make(0,-.5,0), VuoPoint3d_make(M_PI/2.,0,0), VuoPoint3d_make(1,1,1)));
        VuoListAppendValue_VuoSceneObject(cubeChildObjects, so);
    }
 
    return VuoSceneObject_makeGroup(cubeChildObjects, transform);
}
 
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_makeCube1(VuoTransform transform, VuoShader shader)
{
    return VuoSceneObject_makeMesh(VuoMesh_makeCube(), shader, transform);
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_makeText(VuoText text, VuoFont font, VuoBoolean scaleWithScene, float wrapWidth)
{
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)VuoSceneObject_makeEmpty();
    so->type = VuoSceneObjectSubType_Text;
    VuoSceneObject_setText((VuoSceneObject)so, text);
    VuoSceneObject_setTextFont((VuoSceneObject)so, font);
    so->text.scaleWithScene = scaleWithScene;
    so->text.wrapWidth = wrapWidth;
    return (VuoSceneObject)so;
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_makePerspectiveCamera(VuoText name, VuoTransform transform, float fieldOfView, float distanceMin, float distanceMax)
{
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)VuoSceneObject_makeEmpty();
    so->type = VuoSceneObjectSubType_PerspectiveCamera;
    VuoSceneObject_setName((VuoSceneObject)so, name);
    so->transform = transform;
    so->camera.fieldOfView = fieldOfView;
    so->camera.distanceMin = distanceMin;
    so->camera.distanceMax = distanceMax;
    return (VuoSceneObject)so;
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_makeStereoCamera(VuoText name, VuoTransform transform, VuoReal fieldOfView, VuoReal distanceMin, VuoReal distanceMax, VuoReal confocalDistance, VuoReal intraocularDistance)
{
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)VuoSceneObject_makeEmpty();
    so->type = VuoSceneObjectSubType_StereoCamera;
    VuoSceneObject_setName((VuoSceneObject)so, name);
    so->transform = transform;
    so->camera.fieldOfView = fieldOfView;
    so->camera.distanceMin = distanceMin;
    so->camera.distanceMax = distanceMax;
    so->camera.confocalDistance = confocalDistance;
    so->camera.intraocularDistance = intraocularDistance;
    return (VuoSceneObject)so;
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_makeOrthographicCamera(VuoText name, VuoTransform transform, float width, float distanceMin, float distanceMax)
{
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)VuoSceneObject_makeEmpty();
    so->type = VuoSceneObjectSubType_OrthographicCamera;
    VuoSceneObject_setName((VuoSceneObject)so, name);
    so->transform = transform;
    so->camera.width = width;
    so->camera.distanceMin = distanceMin;
    so->camera.distanceMax = distanceMax;
    return (VuoSceneObject)so;
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_makeFisheyeCamera(VuoText name, VuoTransform transform, VuoReal fieldOfView, VuoReal vignetteWidth, VuoReal vignetteSharpness)
{
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)VuoSceneObject_makeEmpty();
    so->type = VuoSceneObjectSubType_FisheyeCamera;
    VuoSceneObject_setName((VuoSceneObject)so, name);
    so->transform = transform;
    so->camera.fieldOfView = fieldOfView;
 
    // 0 and 1000 come from "Realtime Dome Imaging and Interaction" by Bailey/Clothier/Gebbie 2006.
    so->camera.distanceMin = 0;
    so->camera.distanceMax = 1000;
 
    so->camera.vignetteWidth = vignetteWidth;
    so->camera.vignetteSharpness = vignetteSharpness;
 
    return (VuoSceneObject)so;
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_makeDefaultCamera(void)
{
    VuoTransform transform = VuoTransform_makeEuler(
                VuoPoint3d_make(0,0,1),
                VuoPoint3d_make(0,0,0),
                VuoPoint3d_make(1,1,1)
            );
    return VuoSceneObject_makePerspectiveCamera(
                VuoText_make("default camera"),
                transform,
                90,
                0.1,
                10.0
                );
}
 
bool VuoSceneObject_find(VuoSceneObject sceneObject, VuoText nameToMatch, VuoList_VuoSceneObject ancestorObjects, VuoSceneObject *foundObject)
{
    if (!sceneObject)
        return false;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)sceneObject;
 
    if (VuoText_areEqual(so->name, nameToMatch))
    {
        *foundObject = (VuoSceneObject)so;
        return true;
    }
 
    if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Group)
    {
        VuoListAppendValue_VuoSceneObject(ancestorObjects, sceneObject);
 
        unsigned long childObjectCount = VuoListGetCount_VuoSceneObject(so->childObjects);
        for (unsigned long i = 1; i <= childObjectCount; ++i)
        {
            VuoSceneObject childObject = VuoListGetValue_VuoSceneObject(so->childObjects, i);
            if (VuoSceneObject_find(childObject, nameToMatch, ancestorObjects, foundObject))
                return true;
        }
 
        VuoListRemoveLastValue_VuoSceneObject(ancestorObjects);
    }
 
    return false;
}
 
bool VuoSceneObject_findById(VuoSceneObject sceneObject, uint64_t idToMatch, VuoList_VuoSceneObject ancestorObjects, VuoSceneObject *foundObject)
{
    if (!sceneObject)
        return false;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)sceneObject;
 
    if (so->id == idToMatch)
    {
        *foundObject = (VuoSceneObject)so;
        return true;
    }
 
    if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Group)
    {
        VuoListAppendValue_VuoSceneObject(ancestorObjects, sceneObject);
 
        unsigned long childObjectCount = VuoListGetCount_VuoSceneObject(so->childObjects);
        for (unsigned long i = 1; i <= childObjectCount; ++i)
        {
            VuoSceneObject childObject = VuoListGetValue_VuoSceneObject(so->childObjects, i);
            if (VuoSceneObject_findById(childObject, idToMatch, ancestorObjects, foundObject))
                return true;
        }
 
        VuoListRemoveLastValue_VuoSceneObject(ancestorObjects);
    }
 
    return false;
}
 
bool VuoSceneObject_findWithType(VuoSceneObject sceneObject, VuoSceneObjectSubType typeToMatch, VuoList_VuoSceneObject ancestorObjects, VuoSceneObject *foundObject)
{
    if (!sceneObject)
        return false;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)sceneObject;
 
    if (so->type == typeToMatch)
    {
        *foundObject = (VuoSceneObject)so;
        return true;
    }
 
    if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Group)
    {
        VuoListAppendValue_VuoSceneObject(ancestorObjects, sceneObject);
 
        unsigned long childObjectCount = VuoListGetCount_VuoSceneObject(so->childObjects);
 
        for (unsigned long i = 1; i <= childObjectCount; ++i)
        {
            VuoSceneObject childObject = VuoListGetValue_VuoSceneObject(so->childObjects, i);
 
            if (VuoSceneObject_findWithType(childObject, typeToMatch, ancestorObjects, foundObject))
                return true;
        }
 
        VuoListRemoveLastValue_VuoSceneObject(ancestorObjects);
    }
 
    return false;
}
 
bool VuoSceneObject_findCamera(VuoSceneObject sceneObject, VuoText nameToMatch, VuoSceneObject *foundCamera)
{
    if (!sceneObject)
        return false;
 
    __block bool didFindCamera = false;
    VuoSceneObject_visit(sceneObject, ^(const VuoSceneObject currentObject, float modelviewMatrix[16]){
        VuoSceneObject_internal *co = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)currentObject;
        if ((co->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_PerspectiveCamera
          || co->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_StereoCamera
          || co->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_OrthographicCamera
          || co->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_FisheyeCamera)
          && (!nameToMatch || (co->name && nameToMatch && strstr(co->name, nameToMatch))))
        {
            *foundCamera = currentObject;
            VuoSceneObject_setTransform(*foundCamera, VuoTransform_makeFromMatrix4x4(modelviewMatrix));
            didFindCamera = true;
            return false;
        }
        return true;
    });
 
    return didFindCamera;
}
 
bool VuoSceneObject_isPopulated(VuoSceneObject sceneObject)
{
    if (!sceneObject)
        return false;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)sceneObject;
    return so->type != VuoSceneObjectSubType_Empty;
}
 
static VuoSceneObjectSubType VuoSceneObject_typeFromCString(const char *typeString)
{
    if (strcmp(typeString,"empty")==0)
        return VuoSceneObjectSubType_Empty;
    else if (strcmp(typeString,"group")==0)
        return VuoSceneObjectSubType_Group;
    else if (strcmp(typeString,"mesh")==0)
        return VuoSceneObjectSubType_Mesh;
    else if (strcmp(typeString,"camera-perspective")==0)
        return VuoSceneObjectSubType_PerspectiveCamera;
    else if (strcmp(typeString,"camera-stereo")==0)
        return VuoSceneObjectSubType_StereoCamera;
    else if (strcmp(typeString,"camera-orthographic")==0)
        return VuoSceneObjectSubType_OrthographicCamera;
    else if (strcmp(typeString,"camera-fisheye")==0)
        return VuoSceneObjectSubType_FisheyeCamera;
    else if (strcmp(typeString,"light-ambient")==0)
        return VuoSceneObjectSubType_AmbientLight;
    else if (strcmp(typeString,"light-point")==0)
        return VuoSceneObjectSubType_PointLight;
    else if (strcmp(typeString,"light-spot")==0)
        return VuoSceneObjectSubType_Spotlight;
    else if (strcmp(typeString,"text")==0)
        return VuoSceneObjectSubType_Text;
 
    return VuoSceneObjectSubType_Empty;
}
 
static const char * VuoSceneObject_cStringForType(VuoSceneObjectSubType type)
{
    switch (type)
    {
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_Group:
            return "group";
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_Mesh:
            return "mesh";
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_PerspectiveCamera:
            return "camera-perspective";
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_StereoCamera:
            return "camera-stereo";
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_OrthographicCamera:
            return "camera-orthographic";
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_FisheyeCamera:
            return "camera-fisheye";
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_AmbientLight:
            return "light-ambient";
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_PointLight:
            return "light-point";
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_Spotlight:
            return "light-spot";
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_Text:
            return "text";
        // VuoSceneObjectSubType_Empty
        default:
            return "empty";
    }
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_makeAmbientLight(VuoColor color, float brightness)
{
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)VuoSceneObject_makeEmpty();
    so->type = VuoSceneObjectSubType_AmbientLight;
    VuoSceneObject_setName((VuoSceneObject)so, VuoText_make("Ambient Light"));
    so->light.color = color;
    so->light.brightness = brightness;
    return (VuoSceneObject)so;
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_makePointLight(VuoColor color, float brightness, VuoPoint3d position, float range, float sharpness)
{
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)VuoSceneObject_makeEmpty();
    so->type = VuoSceneObjectSubType_PointLight;
    VuoText t = VuoText_make("Point Light");
    VuoSceneObject_setName((VuoSceneObject)so, t);
    so->light.color = color;
    so->light.brightness = brightness;
    so->light.range = range;
    so->light.sharpness = MAX(MIN(sharpness,1),0);
    so->transform = VuoTransform_makeEuler(position, VuoPoint3d_make(0,0,0), VuoPoint3d_make(1,1,1));
    return (VuoSceneObject)so;
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_makeSpotlight(VuoColor color, float brightness, VuoTransform transform, float cone, float range, float sharpness)
{
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)VuoSceneObject_makeEmpty();
    so->type = VuoSceneObjectSubType_Spotlight;
    VuoSceneObject_setName((VuoSceneObject)so, VuoText_make("Spot Light"));
    so->light.color = color;
    so->light.brightness = brightness;
    so->light.cone = cone;
    so->light.range = range;
    so->light.sharpness = MAX(MIN(sharpness,1),0);
    so->transform = transform;
    return (VuoSceneObject)so;
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_findLights(VuoSceneObject sceneObject, VuoColor *ambientColor, float *ambientBrightness, VuoList_VuoSceneObject *pointLights, VuoList_VuoSceneObject *spotLights)
{
    __block VuoList_VuoColor ambientColors = VuoListCreate_VuoColor();
    VuoRetain(ambientColors);
 
    *ambientBrightness = 0;
    *pointLights = VuoListCreate_VuoSceneObject();
    *spotLights = VuoListCreate_VuoSceneObject();
 
    VuoSceneObject_visit(sceneObject, ^(const VuoSceneObject currentObject, float modelviewMatrix[16]){
        VuoSceneObject_internal *co = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)currentObject;
        if (co->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_AmbientLight)
        {
            VuoListAppendValue_VuoColor(ambientColors, co->light.color);
            *ambientBrightness += co->light.brightness;
        }
        else if (co->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_PointLight)
        {
            VuoSceneObject l = VuoSceneObject_copy((VuoSceneObject)co);
            VuoSceneObject_setTransform(l, VuoTransform_makeFromMatrix4x4(modelviewMatrix));
            VuoListAppendValue_VuoSceneObject(*pointLights, l);
        }
        else if (co->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Spotlight)
        {
            VuoSceneObject l = VuoSceneObject_copy((VuoSceneObject)co);
            VuoSceneObject_setTransform(l, VuoTransform_makeFromMatrix4x4(modelviewMatrix));
            VuoListAppendValue_VuoSceneObject(*spotLights, l);
        }
        return true;
    });
 
    if (!VuoListGetCount_VuoColor(ambientColors)
            && !VuoListGetCount_VuoSceneObject(*pointLights)
            && !VuoListGetCount_VuoSceneObject(*spotLights))
    {
        *ambientColor = VuoColor_makeWithRGBA(1,1,1,1);
        *ambientBrightness = 0.05;
 
        // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-point_lighting
 
        VuoSceneObject keyLight  = VuoSceneObject_makePointLight(VuoColor_makeWithRGBA(1,1,1,1), .70, VuoPoint3d_make(-1,1,1), 5, .5);
        VuoListAppendValue_VuoSceneObject(*pointLights, keyLight);
 
        VuoSceneObject fillLight = VuoSceneObject_makePointLight(VuoColor_makeWithRGBA(1,1,1,1), .20, VuoPoint3d_make(.5,0,1), 5, 0);
        VuoListAppendValue_VuoSceneObject(*pointLights, fillLight);
 
        VuoSceneObject backLight = VuoSceneObject_makePointLight(VuoColor_makeWithRGBA(1,1,1,1), .15, VuoPoint3d_make(1,.75,-.5), 5, 0);
        VuoListAppendValue_VuoSceneObject(*pointLights, backLight);
    }
    else
        *ambientColor = VuoColor_average(ambientColors);
 
    VuoRelease(ambientColors);
}
 
typedef struct
{
    long objectCount;
    const VuoSceneObject *objects;
    float modelviewMatrix[16];
} VuoSceneObject_treeState;
 
void VuoSceneObject_visit(const VuoSceneObject object, bool (^function)(const VuoSceneObject currentObject, float modelviewMatrix[16]))
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_treeState rootState;
    rootState.objectCount = 1;
    rootState.objects = &object;
    VuoTransform_getMatrix(VuoTransform_makeIdentity(), rootState.modelviewMatrix);
 
    std::list<VuoSceneObject_treeState> objectsToVisit(1, rootState);
    while (!objectsToVisit.empty())
    {
        VuoSceneObject_treeState currentState = objectsToVisit.front();
        objectsToVisit.pop_front();
 
        for (long i = 0; i < currentState.objectCount; ++i)
        {
            VuoSceneObject_internal *currentObject = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)currentState.objects[i];
            if (!currentObject)
                continue;
 
            float localModelviewMatrix[16];
            VuoTransform_getMatrix(currentObject->transform, localModelviewMatrix);
            float compositeModelviewMatrix[16];
            VuoTransform_multiplyMatrices4x4(localModelviewMatrix, currentState.modelviewMatrix, compositeModelviewMatrix);
 
            if (!function((VuoSceneObject)currentObject, compositeModelviewMatrix))
                return;
 
            if (currentObject->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Group)
            {
                // Prepend this object's childObjects to the objectsToVisit queue.
                long childObjectCount = VuoListGetCount_VuoSceneObject(currentObject->childObjects);
                if (childObjectCount)
                {
                    VuoSceneObject_treeState childState;
                    childState.objectCount = childObjectCount;
                    childState.objects = VuoListGetData_VuoSceneObject(currentObject->childObjects);
                    memcpy(childState.modelviewMatrix, compositeModelviewMatrix, sizeof(float[16]));
                    objectsToVisit.push_front(childState);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
 
static void VuoSceneObject_applyInternal(VuoSceneObject sceneObject, void (^function)(VuoSceneObject currentObject, float modelviewMatrix[16]), float modelviewMatrix[16])
{
    if (!sceneObject)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)sceneObject;
 
    float localModelviewMatrix[16];
    VuoTransform_getMatrix(so->transform, localModelviewMatrix);
    float compositeModelviewMatrix[16];
    VuoTransform_multiplyMatrices4x4(localModelviewMatrix, modelviewMatrix, compositeModelviewMatrix);
 
    function(sceneObject, compositeModelviewMatrix);
 
    if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Group && so->childObjects)
    {
        unsigned long childObjectCount = VuoListGetCount_VuoSceneObject(so->childObjects);
        for (unsigned long i = 1; i <= childObjectCount; ++i)
        {
            VuoSceneObject o = VuoListGetValue_VuoSceneObject(so->childObjects, i);
            VuoSceneObject_applyInternal(o, function, compositeModelviewMatrix);
            VuoListSetValue_VuoSceneObject(so->childObjects, o, i, false);
        }
    }
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_apply(VuoSceneObject object, void (^function)(VuoSceneObject currentObject, float modelviewMatrix[16]))
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    float localModelviewMatrix[16];
    VuoTransform_getMatrix(VuoTransform_makeIdentity(), localModelviewMatrix);
 
    VuoSceneObject_applyInternal(object, function, localModelviewMatrix);
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_transform(VuoSceneObject object, VuoTransform transform)
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    so->transform = VuoTransform_composite(so->transform, transform);
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_translate(VuoSceneObject object, VuoPoint3d translation)
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    so->transform.translation += translation;
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_scale(VuoSceneObject object, VuoPoint3d scale)
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    so->transform.scale *= scale;
}
 
VuoText VuoSceneObject_getName(VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return nullptr;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->name;
}
 
VuoList_VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_getChildObjects(VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return nullptr;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    if (so->type != VuoSceneObjectSubType_Group)
        return nullptr;
 
    return so->childObjects;
}
 
VuoBlendMode VuoSceneObject_getBlendMode(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return VuoBlendMode_Normal;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->blendMode;
}
 
VuoSceneObjectSubType VuoSceneObject_getType(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return VuoSceneObjectSubType_Empty;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->type;
}
 
uint64_t VuoSceneObject_getId(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return 0;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->id;
}
 
VuoShader VuoSceneObject_getShader(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return nullptr;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->shader;
}
 
bool VuoSceneObject_isRealSize(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return false;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->isRealSize;
}
 
bool VuoSceneObject_shouldPreservePhysicalSize(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return false;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->preservePhysicalSize;
}
 
VuoMesh VuoSceneObject_getMesh(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return nullptr;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->mesh;
}
 
VuoText VuoSceneObject_getText(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return nullptr;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->text.text;
}
 
VuoFont VuoSceneObject_getTextFont(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return VuoFont_makeDefault();
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->text.font;
}
 
bool VuoSceneObject_shouldTextScaleWithScene(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return false;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->text.scaleWithScene;
}
 
float VuoSceneObject_getTextWrapWidth(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return 0;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->text.wrapWidth;
}
 
float VuoSceneObject_getCameraFieldOfView(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return 0;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->camera.fieldOfView;
}
 
float VuoSceneObject_getCameraWidth(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return 0;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->camera.width;
}
 
float VuoSceneObject_getCameraDistanceMin(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return 0;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->camera.distanceMin;
}
 
float VuoSceneObject_getCameraDistanceMax(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return 0;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->camera.distanceMax;
}
 
float VuoSceneObject_getCameraVignetteWidth(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return 0;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->camera.vignetteWidth;
}
 
float VuoSceneObject_getCameraVignetteSharpness(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return 0;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->camera.vignetteSharpness;
}
 
float VuoSceneObject_getCameraIntraocularDistance(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return 0;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->camera.intraocularDistance;
}
 
float VuoSceneObject_getCameraConfocalDistance(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return 0;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->camera.confocalDistance;
}
 
VuoColor VuoSceneObject_getLightColor(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return (VuoColor){0,0,0,0};
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->light.color;
}
 
float VuoSceneObject_getLightBrightness(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return 0;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->light.brightness;
}
 
float VuoSceneObject_getLightRange(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return 0;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->light.range;
}
 
float VuoSceneObject_getLightSharpness(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return 0;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->light.sharpness;
}
 
float VuoSceneObject_getLightCone(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return 0;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->light.cone;
}
 
VuoTransform VuoSceneObject_getTransform(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return VuoTransform_makeIdentity();
 
   VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
   return so->transform;
}
 
VuoPoint3d VuoSceneObject_getTranslation(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return (VuoPoint3d){0,0,0};
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    return so->transform.translation;
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_setType(VuoSceneObject object, VuoSceneObjectSubType type)
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    so->type = type;
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_setId(VuoSceneObject object, uint64_t id)
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    so->id = id;
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_setName(VuoSceneObject object, VuoText name)
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    VuoRetain(name);
    VuoRelease(so->name);
    so->name = name;
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_setChildObjects(VuoSceneObject object, VuoList_VuoSceneObject childObjects)
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    if (so->type != VuoSceneObjectSubType_Group)
        return;
 
    VuoRetain(childObjects);
    VuoRelease(so->childObjects);
    so->childObjects = childObjects;
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_setMesh(VuoSceneObject object, VuoMesh mesh)
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    VuoRetain(mesh);
    VuoRelease(so->mesh);
    so->mesh = mesh;
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_setTransform(VuoSceneObject object, VuoTransform transform)
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    so->transform = transform;
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_setTranslation(VuoSceneObject object, VuoPoint3d translation)
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    so->transform.translation = translation;
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_setScale(VuoSceneObject object, VuoPoint3d scale)
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    so->transform.scale = scale;
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_setShader(VuoSceneObject object, VuoShader shader)
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    VuoRetain(shader);
    VuoRelease(so->shader);
    so->shader = shader;
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_setFaceCulling(VuoSceneObject object, VuoMesh_FaceCulling faceCulling)
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_apply(object, ^(VuoSceneObject currentObject, float modelviewMatrix[16]){
        VuoSceneObject_internal *co = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)currentObject;
        VuoMesh_setFaceCulling(co->mesh, faceCulling);
    });
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_setBlendMode(VuoSceneObject object, VuoBlendMode blendMode)
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_apply(object, ^(VuoSceneObject currentObject, float modelviewMatrix[16]){
        VuoSceneObject_internal *co = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)currentObject;
        co->blendMode = blendMode;
    });
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_setRealSize(VuoSceneObject object, bool isRealSize)
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    so->isRealSize = isRealSize;
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_setPreservePhysicalSize(VuoSceneObject object, bool shouldPreservePhysicalSize)
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    so->preservePhysicalSize = shouldPreservePhysicalSize;
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_setText(VuoSceneObject object, VuoText text)
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    VuoRetain(text);
    VuoRelease(so->text.text);
    so->text.text = text;
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_setTextFont(VuoSceneObject object, VuoFont font)
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    VuoFont_retain(font);
    VuoFont_release(so->text.font);
    so->text.font = font;
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_setCameraFieldOfView(VuoSceneObject object, float fieldOfView)
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    so->camera.fieldOfView = fieldOfView;
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_setCameraDistanceMin(VuoSceneObject object, float distanceMin)
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    so->camera.distanceMin = distanceMin;
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_setCameraDistanceMax(VuoSceneObject object, float distanceMax)
{
    if (!object)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
    so->camera.distanceMax = distanceMax;
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_copy(const VuoSceneObject object)
{
    if (!object)
        return nullptr;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *o = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)object;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *co = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)VuoSceneObject_makeEmpty();
 
    co->type = o->type;
    co->id = o->id;
    VuoSceneObject_setName((VuoSceneObject)co, o->name);
    co->transform = o->transform;
    VuoSceneObject_setMesh((VuoSceneObject)co, VuoMesh_copy(o->mesh));
    VuoSceneObject_setShader((VuoSceneObject)co, o->shader); // @todo
    co->isRealSize = o->isRealSize;
    co->preservePhysicalSize = o->preservePhysicalSize;
    co->blendMode = o->blendMode;
 
    if (o->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Group && o->childObjects)
    {
        co->childObjects = VuoListCreate_VuoSceneObject();
        VuoRetain(co->childObjects);
        VuoListForeach_VuoSceneObject(o->childObjects, ^(const VuoSceneObject object){
            VuoListAppendValue_VuoSceneObject(co->childObjects, VuoSceneObject_copy(object));
            return true;
        });
    }
 
    if (o->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_PerspectiveCamera
     || o->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_StereoCamera
     || o->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_OrthographicCamera
     || o->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_FisheyeCamera)
    {
        co->camera.fieldOfView = o->camera.fieldOfView;
        co->camera.width = o->camera.width;
        co->camera.distanceMin = o->camera.distanceMin;
        co->camera.distanceMax = o->camera.distanceMax;
        co->camera.confocalDistance = o->camera.confocalDistance;
        co->camera.intraocularDistance = o->camera.intraocularDistance;
        co->camera.vignetteWidth = o->camera.vignetteWidth;
        co->camera.vignetteSharpness = o->camera.vignetteSharpness;
    }
    else if (o->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_AmbientLight
          || o->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_PointLight
          || o->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Spotlight)
    {
        co->light.color = o->light.color;
        co->light.brightness = o->light.brightness;
        co->light.range = o->light.range;
        co->light.cone = o->light.cone;
        co->light.sharpness = o->light.sharpness;
    }
    else if (o->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Text)
    {
        VuoSceneObject_setText((VuoSceneObject)co, o->text.text);
        VuoSceneObject_setTextFont((VuoSceneObject)co, o->text.font);
        co->text.scaleWithScene = o->text.scaleWithScene;
        co->text.wrapWidth = o->text.wrapWidth;
    }
 
    return (VuoSceneObject)co;
}
 
VuoBox VuoSceneObject_bounds(const VuoSceneObject so)
{
    if (!so)
        return VuoBox_make((VuoPoint3d){0,0,0}, (VuoPoint3d){0,0,0});
 
    __block bool haveGlobalBounds = false;
    __block VuoBox globalBounds;
 
    VuoSceneObject_visit(so, ^(const VuoSceneObject currentObject, float modelviewMatrix[16]){
        VuoBox bounds;
        bool foundBounds = VuoSceneObject_meshBounds(currentObject, &bounds, modelviewMatrix);
        if (foundBounds)
        {
            globalBounds = haveGlobalBounds ? VuoBox_encapsulate(globalBounds, bounds) : bounds;
            haveGlobalBounds = true;
        }
        return true;
    });
 
    if (haveGlobalBounds)
        return globalBounds;
    else
        return VuoBox_make( (VuoPoint3d){0,0,0}, (VuoPoint3d){0,0,0} );
}
 
bool VuoSceneObject_meshBounds(const VuoSceneObject sceneObject, VuoBox *bounds, float matrix[16])
{
    if (!sceneObject)
        return false;
 
    if (VuoSceneObject_getVertexCount(sceneObject) < 1)
        return false;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)sceneObject;
    if (so->isRealSize
     || so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Text)
    {
        // We don't know what the actual rendered size of the realSize layer will be,
        // but we can at least include its center point.
        *bounds = VuoBox_make(VuoPoint3d_make(matrix[12], matrix[13], matrix[14]), VuoPoint3d_make(0,0,0));
    }
    else
    {
        *bounds = VuoMesh_bounds(so->mesh, matrix);
 
        if (so->shader)
        {
            bounds->size.x *= so->shader->objectScale;
            bounds->size.y *= so->shader->objectScale;
            bounds->size.z *= so->shader->objectScale;
        }
    }
 
    return true;
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_center(VuoSceneObject sceneObject)
{
    if (!sceneObject)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)sceneObject;
    VuoBox bounds = VuoSceneObject_bounds(sceneObject);
    so->transform.translation = VuoPoint3d_subtract(so->transform.translation, bounds.center);
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_normalize(VuoSceneObject sceneObject)
{
    if (!sceneObject)
        return;
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)sceneObject;
    VuoBox bounds = VuoSceneObject_bounds(sceneObject);
 
    float scale = fmax(fmax(bounds.size.x, bounds.size.y), bounds.size.z);
    if (fabs(scale) < 0.00001)
        return;
 
    so->transform.scale       = VuoPoint3d_multiply(so->transform.scale,       1./scale);
    so->transform.translation = VuoPoint3d_multiply(so->transform.translation, 1./scale);
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_makeFromJson(json_object *js)
{
    json_object *o = NULL;
 
    int id = 0;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "id", &o))
        id = json_object_get_int64(o);
 
    VuoSceneObjectSubType type = VuoSceneObjectSubType_Empty;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "type", &o))
        type = VuoSceneObject_typeFromCString(json_object_get_string(o));
 
    VuoMesh mesh = NULL;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "mesh", &o))
        mesh = VuoMesh_makeFromJson(o);
 
    VuoShader shader = NULL;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "shader", &o))
        shader = VuoShader_makeFromJson(o);
 
    bool isRealSize = false;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "isRealSize", &o))
        isRealSize = VuoBoolean_makeFromJson(o);
 
    bool preservePhysicalSize = false;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "preservePhysicalSize", &o))
        preservePhysicalSize = VuoBoolean_makeFromJson(o);
 
    VuoBlendMode blendMode = VuoBlendMode_Normal;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "blendMode", &o))
        blendMode = VuoBlendMode_makeFromJson(o);
 
    VuoList_VuoSceneObject childObjects = NULL;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "childObjects", &o))
        childObjects = VuoList_VuoSceneObject_makeFromJson(o);
 
    float cameraFieldOfView;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "cameraFieldOfView", &o))
        cameraFieldOfView = json_object_get_double(o);
 
    float cameraWidth;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "cameraWidth", &o))
        cameraWidth = json_object_get_double(o);
 
    float cameraDistanceMin;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "cameraDistanceMin", &o))
        cameraDistanceMin = json_object_get_double(o);
 
    float cameraDistanceMax;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "cameraDistanceMax", &o))
        cameraDistanceMax = json_object_get_double(o);
 
    float cameraConfocalDistance;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "cameraConfocalDistance", &o))
        cameraConfocalDistance = json_object_get_double(o);
 
    float cameraIntraocularDistance;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "cameraIntraocularDistance", &o))
        cameraIntraocularDistance = json_object_get_double(o);
 
    float cameraVignetteWidth;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "cameraVignetteWidth", &o))
        cameraVignetteWidth = json_object_get_double(o);
 
    float cameraVignetteSharpness;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "cameraVignetteSharpness", &o))
        cameraVignetteSharpness = json_object_get_double(o);
 
    VuoColor lightColor;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "lightColor", &o))
        lightColor = VuoColor_makeFromJson(o);
 
    float lightBrightness;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "lightBrightness", &o))
        lightBrightness = json_object_get_double(o);
 
    float lightCone;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "lightCone", &o))
        lightCone = json_object_get_double(o);
 
    float lightRange;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "lightRange", &o))
        lightRange = json_object_get_double(o);
 
    float lightSharpness;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "lightSharpness", &o))
        lightSharpness = json_object_get_double(o);
 
    VuoText name = NULL;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "name", &o))
        name = VuoText_makeFromJson(o);
 
    json_object_object_get_ex(js, "transform", &o);
    VuoTransform transform = VuoTransform_makeFromJson(o);
 
    VuoText text = NULL;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "text", &o))
        text = VuoText_makeFromJson(o);
 
    VuoFont font;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "textFont", &o))
        font = VuoFont_makeFromJson(o);
 
    bool scaleWithScene = false;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "textScaleWithScene", &o))
        scaleWithScene = VuoBoolean_makeFromJson(o);
 
    float wrapWidth = INFINITY;
    if (json_object_object_get_ex(js, "textWrapWidth", &o))
        wrapWidth = json_object_get_double(o);
 
    VuoSceneObject obj;
    switch (type)
    {
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_Empty:
            obj = nullptr;
            break;
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_Group:
            obj = VuoSceneObject_makeGroup(childObjects, transform);
            break;
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_Mesh:
        {
            obj = VuoSceneObject_makeMesh(mesh, shader, transform);
            VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)obj;
            so->isRealSize = isRealSize;
            so->preservePhysicalSize = preservePhysicalSize;
            so->blendMode = blendMode;
            VuoSceneObject_setName(obj, name);
            break;
        }
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_PerspectiveCamera:
            obj = VuoSceneObject_makePerspectiveCamera(
                        name,
                        transform,
                        cameraFieldOfView,
                        cameraDistanceMin,
                        cameraDistanceMax
                        );
            break;
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_StereoCamera:
            obj = VuoSceneObject_makeStereoCamera(
                        name,
                        transform,
                        cameraFieldOfView,
                        cameraDistanceMin,
                        cameraDistanceMax,
                        cameraConfocalDistance,
                        cameraIntraocularDistance
                        );
            break;
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_OrthographicCamera:
            obj = VuoSceneObject_makeOrthographicCamera(
                        name,
                        transform,
                        cameraWidth,
                        cameraDistanceMin,
                        cameraDistanceMax
                        );
            break;
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_FisheyeCamera:
            obj = VuoSceneObject_makeFisheyeCamera(
                        name,
                        transform,
                        cameraFieldOfView,
                        cameraVignetteWidth,
                        cameraVignetteSharpness
                        );
            break;
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_AmbientLight:
            obj = VuoSceneObject_makeAmbientLight(lightColor, lightBrightness);
            break;
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_PointLight:
            obj = VuoSceneObject_makePointLight(lightColor, lightBrightness, transform.translation, lightRange, lightSharpness);
            break;
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_Spotlight:
            obj = VuoSceneObject_makeSpotlight(lightColor, lightBrightness, transform, lightCone, lightRange, lightSharpness);
            break;
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_Text:
            obj = VuoSceneObject_makeText(text, font, scaleWithScene, wrapWidth);
            VuoSceneObject_setTransform(obj, transform);
            VuoSceneObject_setMesh(obj, mesh);
            break;
    }
 
    VuoSceneObject_setId(obj, id);
 
    return obj;
}
 
json_object *VuoSceneObject_getJson(const VuoSceneObject sceneObject)
{
    if (!sceneObject)
        return nullptr;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)sceneObject;
 
    json_object *js = json_object_new_object();
 
    json_object_object_add(js, "id", json_object_new_int64(so->id));
    json_object_object_add(js, "type", json_object_new_string(VuoSceneObject_cStringForType(so->type)));
 
    switch (so->type)
    {
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_Empty:
            break;
 
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_Mesh:
            if (so->mesh)
                json_object_object_add(js, "mesh", VuoMesh_getJson(so->mesh));
 
            if (so->shader)
                json_object_object_add(js, "shader", VuoShader_getJson(so->shader));
 
            json_object_object_add(js, "isRealSize", VuoBoolean_getJson(so->isRealSize));
 
            json_object_object_add(js, "preservePhysicalSize", VuoBoolean_getJson(so->preservePhysicalSize));
 
            if (so->blendMode != VuoBlendMode_Normal)
                json_object_object_add(js, "blendMode", VuoBlendMode_getJson(so->blendMode));
            break;
 
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_Group:
            if (so->childObjects)
                json_object_object_add(js, "childObjects", VuoList_VuoSceneObject_getJson(so->childObjects));
            break;
 
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_PerspectiveCamera:
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_StereoCamera:
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_OrthographicCamera:
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_FisheyeCamera:
        {
            if (so->type != VuoSceneObjectSubType_FisheyeCamera)
            {
                json_object_object_add(js, "cameraDistanceMin", json_object_new_double(so->camera.distanceMin));
                json_object_object_add(js, "cameraDistanceMax", json_object_new_double(so->camera.distanceMax));
            }
 
            if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_PerspectiveCamera
             || so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_StereoCamera
             || so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_FisheyeCamera)
                json_object_object_add(js, "cameraFieldOfView", json_object_new_double(so->camera.fieldOfView));
 
            if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_StereoCamera)
            {
                json_object_object_add(js, "cameraConfocalDistance", json_object_new_double(so->camera.confocalDistance));
                json_object_object_add(js, "cameraIntraocularDistance", json_object_new_double(so->camera.intraocularDistance));
            }
 
            if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_OrthographicCamera)
                json_object_object_add(js, "cameraWidth", json_object_new_double(so->camera.width));
 
            if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_FisheyeCamera)
            {
                json_object_object_add(js, "cameraVignetteWidth", json_object_new_double(so->camera.vignetteWidth));
                json_object_object_add(js, "cameraVignetteSharpness", json_object_new_double(so->camera.vignetteSharpness));
            }
 
            break;
        }
 
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_AmbientLight:
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_PointLight:
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_Spotlight:
        {
            json_object_object_add(js, "lightColor", VuoColor_getJson(so->light.color));
            json_object_object_add(js, "lightBrightness", json_object_new_double(so->light.brightness));
 
            if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_PointLight
             || so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Spotlight)
            {
                json_object_object_add(js, "lightRange", json_object_new_double(so->light.range));
                json_object_object_add(js, "lightSharpness", json_object_new_double(so->light.sharpness));
            }
            if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Spotlight)
                json_object_object_add(js, "lightCone", json_object_new_double(so->light.cone));
 
            break;
        }
 
        case VuoSceneObjectSubType_Text:
        {
            if (so->text.text)
                json_object_object_add(js, "text", VuoText_getJson(so->text.text));
 
            json_object_object_add(js, "textFont", VuoFont_getJson(so->text.font));
 
            if (so->mesh)
                json_object_object_add(js, "mesh", VuoMesh_getJson(so->mesh));
 
            json_object_object_add(js, "textScaleWithScene", VuoBoolean_getJson(so->text.scaleWithScene));
            json_object_object_add(js, "textWrapWidth", VuoReal_getJson(so->text.wrapWidth));
 
            break;
        }
    }
 
    if (so->name)
        json_object_object_add(js, "name", VuoText_getJson(so->name));
 
    if (so->type != VuoSceneObjectSubType_AmbientLight)
        json_object_object_add(js, "transform", VuoTransform_getJson(so->transform));
 
    return js;
}
 
unsigned long VuoSceneObject_getVertexCount(const VuoSceneObject sceneObject)
{
    if (!sceneObject)
        return 0;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)sceneObject;
    if (!so->mesh)
        return 0;
 
    unsigned int vertexCount;
    VuoMesh_getCPUBuffers(so->mesh, &vertexCount, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
    return vertexCount;
}
 
unsigned long VuoSceneObject_getElementCount(const VuoSceneObject sceneObject)
{
    if (!sceneObject)
        return 0;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)sceneObject;
    if (!so->mesh)
        return 0;
 
    unsigned int elementCount;
    VuoMesh_getCPUBuffers(so->mesh, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, &elementCount, nullptr);
    return elementCount;
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_getStatistics(const VuoSceneObject sceneObject, unsigned long *descendantCount, unsigned long *totalVertexCount, unsigned long *totalElementCount)
{
    if (!sceneObject)
        return;
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)sceneObject;
    unsigned long childObjectCount = 0;
    if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Group && so->childObjects)
        childObjectCount = VuoListGetCount_VuoSceneObject(so->childObjects);
    *descendantCount += childObjectCount;
    *totalVertexCount += VuoSceneObject_getVertexCount(sceneObject);
    *totalElementCount += VuoSceneObject_getElementCount(sceneObject);
 
    if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Group)
        for (unsigned long i = 1; i <= childObjectCount; ++i)
            VuoSceneObject_getStatistics(VuoListGetValue_VuoSceneObject(so->childObjects, i), descendantCount, totalVertexCount, totalElementCount);
}
 
static VuoList_VuoText VuoSceneObject_findShaderNames(VuoSceneObject sceneObject)
{
    if (!sceneObject)
        return nullptr;
 
    // Exploit json_object's set-containing-only-unique-items data structure.
    __block json_object *names = json_object_new_object();
    VuoSceneObject_visit(sceneObject, ^(const VuoSceneObject currentObject, float modelviewMatrix[16]){
        VuoSceneObject_internal *co = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)currentObject;
        if (co->shader)
            json_object_object_add(names, co->shader->name, NULL);
        return true;
    });
 
    VuoList_VuoText nameList = VuoListCreate_VuoText();
    json_object_object_foreach(names, key, val)
        VuoListAppendValue_VuoText(nameList, VuoText_make(key));
    json_object_put(names);
    return nameList;
}
 
char *VuoSceneObject_getSummary(const VuoSceneObject sceneObject)
{
    if (!sceneObject)
        return strdup("no object");
 
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)sceneObject;
 
    if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Text)
    {
        char *fontSummary = VuoFont_getSummary(so->text.font);
        char *textSummary = VuoText_format("<div>\"%s\"</div><div>%sat (%g,%g)</div><div>id %llu</div>", so->text.text, fontSummary, so->transform.translation.x, so->transform.translation.y, so->id);
        free(fontSummary);
        return textSummary;
    }
 
    if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_PerspectiveCamera
     || so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_StereoCamera
     || so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_OrthographicCamera
     || so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_FisheyeCamera)
    {
        const char *type = VuoSceneObject_cStringForType(so->type);
 
        float cameraViewValue = 0;
        const char *cameraViewString = "";
        if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_PerspectiveCamera)
        {
            cameraViewValue = so->camera.fieldOfView;
            cameraViewString = "° field of view";
        }
        else if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_StereoCamera)
        {
            cameraViewValue = so->camera.fieldOfView;
            cameraViewString = "° field of view (stereoscopic)";
        }
        else if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_OrthographicCamera)
        {
            cameraViewValue = so->camera.width;
            cameraViewString = " unit width";
        }
        else if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_FisheyeCamera)
        {
            cameraViewValue = so->camera.fieldOfView;
            cameraViewString = "° field of view (fisheye)";
        }
 
        char *translationString = VuoPoint3d_getSummary(so->transform.translation);
 
        const char *rotationLabel;
        char *rotationString;
        if (so->transform.type == VuoTransformTypeEuler)
        {
            rotationLabel = "rotated";
            rotationString = VuoPoint3d_getSummary(VuoPoint3d_multiply(so->transform.rotationSource.euler, -180.f/M_PI));
        }
        else
        {
            rotationLabel = "target";
            rotationString = VuoPoint3d_getSummary(so->transform.rotationSource.target);
        }
 
        char *valueAsString = VuoText_format("<div>%s named \"%s\"</div><div>at (%s)</div><div>%s (%s)</div><div>%g%s</div><div>shows objects between depth %g and %g</div>",
                                             type, so->name ? so->name : "",
                                             translationString,
                                             rotationLabel, rotationString,
                                             cameraViewValue, cameraViewString,
                                             so->camera.distanceMin, so->camera.distanceMax);
        free(rotationString);
        free(translationString);
        return valueAsString;
    }
 
    if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_AmbientLight
     || so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_PointLight
     || so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Spotlight)
    {
        const char *type = VuoSceneObject_cStringForType(so->type);
        char *colorString = VuoColor_getShortSummary(so->light.color);
 
        char *positionRangeString;
        if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_PointLight
         || so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Spotlight)
        {
            char *positionString = VuoPoint3d_getSummary(so->transform.translation);
 
            positionRangeString = VuoText_format("<div>position (%s)</div><div>range %g units (%g sharpness)</div>",
                                                 positionString, so->light.range, so->light.sharpness);
 
            free(positionString);
        }
        else
            positionRangeString = strdup("");
 
        char *directionConeString;
        if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Spotlight)
        {
            VuoPoint3d direction = VuoTransform_getDirection(so->transform);
            char *directionString = VuoPoint3d_getSummary(direction);
 
            directionConeString = VuoText_format("<div>direction (%s)</div><div>cone %g°</div>",
                                                 directionString, so->light.cone * 180./M_PI);
 
            free(directionString);
        }
        else
            directionConeString = strdup("");
 
        char *valueAsString = VuoText_format("<div>%s</div><div>color %s</div><div>brightness %g</div>%s%s",
                                             type, colorString, so->light.brightness, positionRangeString, directionConeString);
 
        free(directionConeString);
        free(positionRangeString);
        free(colorString);
 
        return valueAsString;
    }
 
    unsigned long vertexCount = VuoSceneObject_getVertexCount(sceneObject);
    unsigned long elementCount = VuoSceneObject_getElementCount(sceneObject);
 
    char *transform = VuoTransform_getSummary(so->transform);
 
    unsigned long childObjectCount = 0;
    if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Group && so->childObjects)
        childObjectCount = VuoListGetCount_VuoSceneObject(so->childObjects);
    const char *childObjectPlural = childObjectCount == 1 ? "" : "s";
 
    char *descendants;
    if (childObjectCount)
    {
        unsigned long descendantCount = 0;
        unsigned long totalVertexCount = 0;
        unsigned long totalElementCount = 0;
        VuoSceneObject_getStatistics(sceneObject, &descendantCount, &totalVertexCount, &totalElementCount);
        const char *descendantPlural = descendantCount == 1 ? "" : "s";
 
        descendants = VuoText_format("<div>%ld descendant%s</div><div>total, including descendants:</div><div>%ld vertices, %ld elements</div>",
                                     descendantCount, descendantPlural, totalVertexCount, totalElementCount);
    }
    else
        descendants = strdup("");
 
    VuoList_VuoText shaderNames = VuoSceneObject_findShaderNames(sceneObject);
    VuoRetain(shaderNames);
    char *shaderNamesSummary;
    if (VuoListGetCount_VuoText(shaderNames))
    {
        VuoInteger shaderNameCount = VuoListGetCount_VuoText(shaderNames);
        const char *header = "<div>shaders:<ul>";
        VuoInteger shaderNameLength = strlen(header);
        for (VuoInteger i = 1; i <= shaderNameCount; ++i)
            shaderNameLength += strlen("<li>") + strlen(VuoListGetValue_VuoText(shaderNames, i)) + strlen("</li>");
        shaderNameLength += strlen("</ul></div>");
 
        shaderNamesSummary = (char *)malloc(shaderNameLength + 1);
        char *t = shaderNamesSummary;
        t = strcpy(t, header) + strlen(header);
        for (VuoInteger i = 1; i <= shaderNameCount; ++i)
        {
            t = strcpy(t, "<li>") + strlen("<li>");
            t = strcpy(t, VuoListGetValue_VuoText(shaderNames, i)) + strlen(VuoListGetValue_VuoText(shaderNames, i));
            t = strcpy(t, "</li>") + strlen("</li>");
        }
        t = strcpy(t, "</ul></div>");
    }
    else
        shaderNamesSummary = strdup("");
    VuoRelease(shaderNames);
 
    char *valueAsString = VuoText_format("<div>object named \"%s\"</div><div>%ld vertices, %ld elements</div><div>%s</div><div>id %lld</div><div>%ld child object%s</div>%s%s",
                                         so->name ? so->name : "",
                                         vertexCount, elementCount,
                                         transform,
                                         so->id,
                                         childObjectCount, childObjectPlural,
                                         descendants, shaderNamesSummary);
 
    free(descendants);
    free(transform);
    free(shaderNamesSummary);
 
    return valueAsString;
}
 
static void VuoSceneObject_dump_internal(const VuoSceneObject sceneObject, unsigned int level)
{
    VuoSceneObject_internal *so = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)sceneObject;
 
    for (unsigned int i=0; i<level; ++i)
        fprintf(stderr, "\t");
 
    if (!sceneObject)
    {
        fprintf(stderr, "no object\n");
        return;
    }
 
    fprintf(stderr, "%s (%s) ", VuoSceneObject_cStringForType(so->type), VuoTransform_getSummary(so->transform));
    if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Mesh)
        fprintf(stderr, "%lu vertices, %lu elements, shader '%s' (%p)", VuoSceneObject_getVertexCount(sceneObject), VuoSceneObject_getElementCount(sceneObject), so->shader ? so->shader->name : "", so->shader);
    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 
    if (so->type == VuoSceneObjectSubType_Group && so->childObjects)
    {
        unsigned int childObjectCount = VuoListGetCount_VuoSceneObject(so->childObjects);
        for (unsigned int i=1; i<=childObjectCount; ++i)
            VuoSceneObject_dump_internal(VuoListGetValue_VuoSceneObject(so->childObjects, i), level+1);
    }
}
 
void VuoSceneObject_dump(const VuoSceneObject so)
{
    VuoSceneObject_dump_internal(so,0);
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_flatten(const VuoSceneObject so, bool calculateTangents)
{
    if (!so)
        return nullptr;
 
    // Count the vertices.
 
    __block unsigned long triangleVertexCount = 0;
    __block unsigned long trianglePrimitiveCount = 0;
    __block VuoMesh_FaceCulling triangleFaceCulling = VuoMesh_CullBackfaces;
 
    __block unsigned long lineVertexCount = 0;
    __block unsigned long linePrimitiveCount = 0;
    __block double        linePrimitiveSize = 0;
 
    __block unsigned long pointVertexCount = 0;
    __block unsigned long pointPrimitiveCount = 0;
    __block double        pointPrimitiveSize = 0;
 
    VuoSceneObject_visit(so, ^(const VuoSceneObject currentObject, float modelviewMatrix[16]){
        VuoSceneObject_internal *co = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)currentObject;
        if (!co->mesh)
            return true;
 
        VuoMesh_ElementAssemblyMethod elementAssemblyMethod = VuoMesh_getElementAssemblyMethod(co->mesh);
 
        unsigned int vertexCount;
        VuoMesh_getCPUBuffers(co->mesh, &vertexCount, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
 
            if (elementAssemblyMethod == VuoMesh_IndividualTriangles
             || elementAssemblyMethod == VuoMesh_TriangleStrip
             || elementAssemblyMethod == VuoMesh_TriangleFan)
            {
                triangleVertexCount += vertexCount;
                trianglePrimitiveCount += VuoMesh_getSplitPrimitiveCount(co->mesh);
                triangleFaceCulling = VuoMesh_getFaceCulling(co->mesh);
            }
            else if (elementAssemblyMethod == VuoMesh_IndividualLines
                  || elementAssemblyMethod == VuoMesh_LineStrip)
            {
                lineVertexCount += vertexCount;
                linePrimitiveCount += VuoMesh_getSplitPrimitiveCount(co->mesh);
                linePrimitiveSize = VuoMesh_getPrimitiveSize(co->mesh);
            }
            else if (elementAssemblyMethod == VuoMesh_Points)
            {
                pointVertexCount += vertexCount;
                pointPrimitiveCount += VuoMesh_getSplitPrimitiveCount(co->mesh);
                pointPrimitiveSize = VuoMesh_getPrimitiveSize(co->mesh);
            }
 
        return true;
    });
//  VLog("triangles: %ldv %ldp    lines: %ldv %ldp    points: %ldv %ldp", triangleVertexCount, trianglePrimitiveCount, lineVertexCount, linePrimitiveCount, pointVertexCount, pointPrimitiveCount);
 
    if (!trianglePrimitiveCount && !linePrimitiveCount && !pointPrimitiveCount)
        return nullptr;
 
    // Allocate the buffers.
    unsigned int *triangleElements = nullptr;
    VuoPoint4d *trianglePositions = nullptr, *triangleNormals = nullptr, *triangleTextureCoordinates = nullptr;
    unsigned int *lineElements = nullptr;
    VuoPoint4d *linePositions = nullptr, *lineNormals = nullptr, *lineTextureCoordinates = nullptr;
    unsigned int *pointElements = nullptr;
    VuoPoint4d *pointPositions = nullptr, *pointNormals = nullptr, *pointTextureCoordinates = nullptr;
    if (trianglePrimitiveCount)
        VuoMesh_allocateCPUBuffers(triangleVertexCount, &trianglePositions, &triangleNormals, nullptr, nullptr, &triangleTextureCoordinates, trianglePrimitiveCount * 3, &triangleElements);
    if (linePrimitiveCount)
        VuoMesh_allocateCPUBuffers(lineVertexCount, &linePositions, &lineNormals, nullptr, nullptr, &lineTextureCoordinates, linePrimitiveCount * 2, &lineElements);
    if (pointPrimitiveCount)
        VuoMesh_allocateCPUBuffers(pointVertexCount, &pointPositions, &pointNormals, nullptr, nullptr, &pointTextureCoordinates, pointPrimitiveCount, &pointElements);
 
    // Copy the vertex attributes.
    __block unsigned long triangleVertexIndex = 0;
    __block unsigned long triangleElementIndex  = 0;
    __block unsigned long lineVertexIndex = 0;
    __block unsigned long lineElementIndex  = 0;
    __block unsigned long pointVertexIndex = 0;
    __block unsigned long pointElementIndex  = 0;
    __block bool anyTextureCoordinates = false;
    VuoSceneObject_visit(so, ^(const VuoSceneObject currentObject, float modelviewMatrix[16]){
        VuoSceneObject_internal *co = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)currentObject;
        if (!co->mesh)
            return true;
 
        VuoMesh_ElementAssemblyMethod elementAssemblyMethod = VuoMesh_getElementAssemblyMethod(co->mesh);
 
        unsigned int vertexCount, elementCount, *elements;
        VuoPoint4d *positions, *normals, *textureCoordinates;
        VuoMesh_getCPUBuffers(co->mesh, &vertexCount, &positions, &normals, nullptr, nullptr, &textureCoordinates, &elementCount, &elements);
 
            if (textureCoordinates)
                anyTextureCoordinates = true;
 
            if (elementAssemblyMethod == VuoMesh_IndividualTriangles
             || elementAssemblyMethod == VuoMesh_TriangleStrip
             || elementAssemblyMethod == VuoMesh_TriangleFan)
            {
                unsigned long indexOffset = triangleVertexIndex;
                for (unsigned int n = 0; n < vertexCount; ++n)
                {
                    VuoPoint3d p = positions[n].xyz;
                    VuoPoint3d pt = VuoTransform_transformPoint((float*)modelviewMatrix, p);
                    trianglePositions[triangleVertexIndex] = (VuoPoint4d){pt.x, pt.y, pt.z, 1};
 
                    if (normals)
                    {
                        VuoPoint3d r = normals[n].xyz;
                        VuoPoint3d rt = VuoTransform_transformVector((float*)modelviewMatrix, r);
                        triangleNormals[triangleVertexIndex] = (VuoPoint4d){rt.x, rt.y, rt.z, 1};
                    }
 
                    if (textureCoordinates)
                        triangleTextureCoordinates[triangleVertexIndex] = textureCoordinates[n];
 
                    ++triangleVertexIndex;
                }
 
                if (elementAssemblyMethod == VuoMesh_IndividualTriangles)
                {
                    if (elementCount)
                        for (unsigned int n = 0; n < elementCount; ++n)
                            triangleElements[triangleElementIndex++] = indexOffset + elements[n];
                    else
                        for (unsigned int n = 0; n < vertexCount; ++n)
                            triangleElements[triangleElementIndex++] = indexOffset + n;
                }
                else if (elementAssemblyMethod == VuoMesh_TriangleStrip)
                {
                    // Expand the triangle strip to individual triangles.
                    if (elementCount)
                        for (unsigned int n = 2; n < elementCount; ++n)
                            if (n%2 == 0)
                            {
                                triangleElements[triangleElementIndex++] = indexOffset + elements[n-2];
                                triangleElements[triangleElementIndex++] = indexOffset + elements[n-1];
                                triangleElements[triangleElementIndex++] = indexOffset + elements[n  ];
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                triangleElements[triangleElementIndex++] = indexOffset + elements[n-1];
                                triangleElements[triangleElementIndex++] = indexOffset + elements[n-2];
                                triangleElements[triangleElementIndex++] = indexOffset + elements[n  ];
                            }
                    else
                        for (unsigned int n = 0; n < vertexCount; ++n)
                            if (n%2 == 0)
                            {
                                triangleElements[triangleElementIndex++] = indexOffset + n-2;
                                triangleElements[triangleElementIndex++] = indexOffset + n-1;
                                triangleElements[triangleElementIndex++] = indexOffset + n  ;
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                triangleElements[triangleElementIndex++] = indexOffset + n-1;
                                triangleElements[triangleElementIndex++] = indexOffset + n-2;
                                triangleElements[triangleElementIndex++] = indexOffset + n  ;
                            }
                }
                else if (elementAssemblyMethod == VuoMesh_TriangleFan)
                {
                    // Expand the triangle fan to individual triangles.
                    if (elementCount)
                        for (unsigned int n = 2; n < elementCount; ++n)
                        {
                            triangleElements[triangleElementIndex++] = indexOffset + elements[0  ];
                            triangleElements[triangleElementIndex++] = indexOffset + elements[n-1];
                            triangleElements[triangleElementIndex++] = indexOffset + elements[n  ];
                        }
                    else
                        for (unsigned int n = 2; n < vertexCount; ++n)
                        {
                            triangleElements[triangleElementIndex++] = indexOffset + 0;
                            triangleElements[triangleElementIndex++] = indexOffset + n-1;
                            triangleElements[triangleElementIndex++] = indexOffset + n;
                        }
                }
            }
            else if (elementAssemblyMethod == VuoMesh_IndividualLines
                  || elementAssemblyMethod == VuoMesh_LineStrip)
            {
                unsigned long indexOffset = lineVertexIndex;
                for (unsigned int n = 0; n < vertexCount; ++n)
                {
                    VuoPoint3d p = positions[n].xyz;
                    VuoPoint3d pt = VuoTransform_transformPoint((float*)modelviewMatrix, p);
                    linePositions[lineVertexIndex] = (VuoPoint4d){pt.x, pt.y, pt.z, 1};
 
                    if (normals)
                    {
                        VuoPoint3d r = normals[n].xyz;
                        VuoPoint3d rt = VuoTransform_transformVector((float*)modelviewMatrix, r);
                        lineNormals[lineVertexIndex] = (VuoPoint4d){rt.x, rt.y, rt.z, 1};
                    }
 
                    if (textureCoordinates)
                        lineTextureCoordinates[lineVertexIndex] = textureCoordinates[n];
 
                    ++lineVertexIndex;
                }
 
                if (elementAssemblyMethod == VuoMesh_IndividualLines)
                {
                    if (elementCount)
                        for (unsigned int n = 0; n < elementCount; ++n)
                            lineElements[lineElementIndex++] = indexOffset + elements[n];
                    else
                        for (unsigned int n = 0; n < vertexCount; ++n)
                            lineElements[lineElementIndex++] = indexOffset + n;
                }
                else if (elementAssemblyMethod == VuoMesh_LineStrip)
                {
                    // Expand the line strip to individual lines.
                    if (elementCount)
                        for (unsigned int n = 1; n < elementCount; ++n)
                        {
                            lineElements[lineElementIndex++] = indexOffset + elements[n-1];
                            lineElements[lineElementIndex++] = indexOffset + elements[n  ];
                        }
                    else
                        for (unsigned int n = 1; n < vertexCount; ++n)
                        {
                            lineElements[lineElementIndex++] = indexOffset + n-1;
                            lineElements[lineElementIndex++] = indexOffset + n;
                        }
                }
            }
            else if (elementAssemblyMethod == VuoMesh_Points)
            {
                unsigned long indexOffset = pointVertexIndex;
                for (unsigned int n = 0; n < vertexCount; ++n)
                {
                    VuoPoint3d p = positions[n].xyz;
                    VuoPoint3d pt = VuoTransform_transformPoint((float*)modelviewMatrix, p);
                    pointPositions[pointVertexIndex] = (VuoPoint4d){pt.x, pt.y, pt.z, 1};
 
                    if (normals)
                    {
                        VuoPoint3d r = normals[n].xyz;
                        VuoPoint3d rt = VuoTransform_transformVector((float*)modelviewMatrix, r);
                        pointNormals[pointVertexIndex] = (VuoPoint4d){rt.x, rt.y, rt.z, 1};
                    }
 
                    if (textureCoordinates)
                        pointTextureCoordinates[pointVertexIndex] = textureCoordinates[n];
 
                    ++pointVertexIndex;
                }
 
                if (elementCount)
                    for (unsigned int n = 0; n < elementCount; ++n)
                        pointElements[pointElementIndex++] = indexOffset + elements[n];
                else
                {
                    for (unsigned int n = 0; n < vertexCount; ++n)
                        pointElements[pointElementIndex++] = indexOffset + n;
                }
            }
 
        return true;
    });
 
 
    VuoMesh triangleMesh = nullptr;
    VuoMesh lineMesh = nullptr;
    VuoMesh pointMesh = nullptr;
    if (trianglePrimitiveCount)
    {
        if (!anyTextureCoordinates)
        {
            free(triangleTextureCoordinates);
            triangleTextureCoordinates = nullptr;
        }
        triangleMesh = VuoMesh_makeFromCPUBuffers(triangleVertexCount, trianglePositions, triangleNormals, nullptr, nullptr, triangleTextureCoordinates, trianglePrimitiveCount * 3, triangleElements, VuoMesh_IndividualTriangles);
        VuoMesh_setFaceCulling(triangleMesh, triangleFaceCulling);
        if (calculateTangents)
            VuoMeshUtility_calculateTangents(triangleMesh);
    }
    if (linePrimitiveCount)
    {
        if (!anyTextureCoordinates)
        {
            free(lineTextureCoordinates);
            lineTextureCoordinates = nullptr;
        }
        lineMesh = VuoMesh_makeFromCPUBuffers(lineVertexCount, linePositions, lineNormals, nullptr, nullptr, lineTextureCoordinates, linePrimitiveCount * 2, lineElements, VuoMesh_IndividualLines);
        VuoMesh_setPrimitiveSize(lineMesh, linePrimitiveSize);
    }
    if (pointPrimitiveCount)
    {
        if (!anyTextureCoordinates)
        {
            free(pointTextureCoordinates);
            pointTextureCoordinates = nullptr;
        }
        pointMesh = VuoMesh_makeFromCPUBuffers(pointVertexCount, pointPositions, pointNormals, nullptr, nullptr, pointTextureCoordinates, pointPrimitiveCount, pointElements, VuoMesh_Points);
        VuoMesh_setPrimitiveSize(pointMesh, pointPrimitiveSize);
    }
 
    if (triangleMesh && !lineMesh && !pointMesh)
        return VuoSceneObject_makeMesh(triangleMesh, NULL, VuoTransform_makeIdentity());
    else if (!triangleMesh && lineMesh && !pointMesh)
        return VuoSceneObject_makeMesh(lineMesh, NULL, VuoTransform_makeIdentity());
    else if (!triangleMesh && !lineMesh && pointMesh)
        return VuoSceneObject_makeMesh(pointMesh, NULL, VuoTransform_makeIdentity());
    else
    {
        VuoList_VuoSceneObject childObjects = VuoListCreate_VuoSceneObject();
        if (triangleMesh)
            VuoListAppendValue_VuoSceneObject(childObjects, VuoSceneObject_makeMesh(triangleMesh, NULL, VuoTransform_makeIdentity()));
        if (lineMesh)
            VuoListAppendValue_VuoSceneObject(childObjects, VuoSceneObject_makeMesh(lineMesh, NULL, VuoTransform_makeIdentity()));
        if (pointMesh)
            VuoListAppendValue_VuoSceneObject(childObjects, VuoSceneObject_makeMesh(pointMesh, NULL, VuoTransform_makeIdentity()));
        return VuoSceneObject_makeGroup(childObjects, VuoTransform_makeIdentity());
    }
}
 
#define CSGJS_HEADER_ONLY
#include "csgjs.cc"
 
static csgjs_model VuoSceneObject_getCsgjsModel(const VuoSceneObject so)
{
    if (!so)
        return csgjs_model();
 
    VuoSceneObject flat = VuoSceneObject_flatten(so, false);
    VuoSceneObject_internal *f = (VuoSceneObject_internal *)flat;
    if (!f->mesh)
        return csgjs_model();
 
    VuoLocal(flat);
 
    if (VuoMesh_getElementAssemblyMethod(f->mesh) != VuoMesh_IndividualTriangles)
        return csgjs_model();
 
    unsigned int vertexCount, elementCount, *elements;
    VuoPoint4d *positions, *normals, *textureCoordinates;
    VuoMesh_getCPUBuffers(f->mesh, &vertexCount, &positions, &normals, nullptr, nullptr, &textureCoordinates, &elementCount, &elements);
 
    csgjs_model cm;
    for (unsigned int n = 0; n < vertexCount; ++n)
    {
        csgjs_vertex v;
        v.pos = csgjs_vector(positions[n].x, positions[n].y, positions[n].z);
        if (normals)
            v.normal = csgjs_vector(normals[n].x, normals[n].y, normals[n].z);
        if (textureCoordinates)
            v.uv = csgjs_vector(textureCoordinates[n].x, textureCoordinates[n].y, 0);
        cm.vertices.push_back(v);
    }
    for (unsigned int n = 0; n < elementCount; ++n)
        cm.indices.push_back(elements[n]);
 
    return cm;
}
 
static VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_makeFromCsgjsModel(const csgjs_model &cm)
{
    unsigned int vertexCount = cm.vertices.size();
    unsigned int elementCount = cm.indices.size();
    unsigned int *elements;
    VuoPoint4d *positions, *normals, *textureCoordinates;
    VuoMesh_allocateCPUBuffers(vertexCount, &positions, &normals, nullptr, nullptr, &textureCoordinates, elementCount, &elements);
 
    const csgjs_vertex *vertex = &cm.vertices[0];
    for (unsigned int n = 0; n < vertexCount; ++n)
    {
        positions[n] = (VuoPoint4d){vertex[n].pos.x,vertex[n].pos.y,vertex[n].pos.z,1};
        normals[n] = (VuoPoint4d){vertex[n].normal.x,vertex[n].normal.y,vertex[n].normal.z,1};
        textureCoordinates[n] = (VuoPoint4d){vertex[n].uv.x,vertex[n].uv.y,vertex[n].uv.z,1};
    }
 
    const int *index = &cm.indices[0];
    for (unsigned int n = 0; n < elementCount; ++n)
        elements[n] = index[n];
 
    VuoMesh mesh = VuoMesh_makeFromCPUBuffers(vertexCount, positions, normals, nullptr, nullptr, textureCoordinates, elementCount, elements, VuoMesh_IndividualTriangles);
 
    VuoMeshUtility_calculateTangents(mesh);
 
    return VuoSceneObject_makeMesh(mesh, NULL, VuoTransform_makeIdentity());
}
 
static float convertQualityToEpsilon(float quality)
{
    return pow(10, -VuoReal_clamp(quality, 0, 1) * 5.);
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_union(VuoList_VuoSceneObject objects, float quality)
{
    float epsilon = convertQualityToEpsilon(quality);
 
    unsigned long objectCount = VuoListGetCount_VuoSceneObject(objects);
    if (objectCount == 0)
        return nullptr;
    if (objectCount == 1)
        return VuoListGetValue_VuoSceneObject(objects, 1);
 
    dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("org.vuo.sceneobject.union", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT);
 
    csgjs_model *models = new csgjs_model[objectCount];
    for (unsigned long i = 0; i < objectCount; ++i)
        dispatch_async(queue, ^{
            models[i] = VuoSceneObject_getCsgjsModel(VuoListGetValue_VuoSceneObject(objects, i+1));
        });
 
    dispatch_barrier_sync(queue, ^{});
    dispatch_release(queue);
 
    csgjs_model cu = models[0];
    for (unsigned long i = 1; i < objectCount; ++i)
        cu = csgjs_union(cu, models[i], epsilon);
    delete[] models;
    return VuoSceneObject_makeFromCsgjsModel(cu);
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_subtract(const VuoSceneObject a, const VuoSceneObject b, float quality)
{
    float epsilon = convertQualityToEpsilon(quality);
 
    dispatch_semaphore_t finished = dispatch_semaphore_create(0);
 
    __block csgjs_model ca;
    dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{
        ca = VuoSceneObject_getCsgjsModel(a);
        dispatch_semaphore_signal(finished);
    });
 
    csgjs_model cb = VuoSceneObject_getCsgjsModel(b);
 
    dispatch_semaphore_wait(finished, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
    dispatch_release(finished);
 
    csgjs_model d = csgjs_difference(ca, cb, epsilon);
    return VuoSceneObject_makeFromCsgjsModel(d);
}
 
VuoSceneObject VuoSceneObject_intersect(VuoList_VuoSceneObject objects, float quality)
{
    float epsilon = convertQualityToEpsilon(quality);
 
    unsigned long objectCount = VuoListGetCount_VuoSceneObject(objects);
    if (objectCount == 0)
        return nullptr;
    if (objectCount == 1)
        return VuoListGetValue_VuoSceneObject(objects, 1);
 
    dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("org.vuo.sceneobject.intersect", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT);
 
    csgjs_model *models = new csgjs_model[objectCount];
    for (unsigned long i = 0; i < objectCount; ++i)
        dispatch_async(queue, ^{
            models[i] = VuoSceneObject_getCsgjsModel(VuoListGetValue_VuoSceneObject(objects, i+1));
        });
 
    dispatch_barrier_sync(queue, ^{});
    dispatch_release(queue);
 
    csgjs_model ci = models[0];
    for (unsigned long i = 1; i < objectCount; ++i)
        ci = csgjs_intersection(ci, models[i], epsilon);
    delete[] models;
    return VuoSceneObject_makeFromCsgjsModel(ci);
}